legouithameur رئيس حكومة المنتدى
عدد الرسائل : 1146 العمر : 61 تاريخ التسجيل : 25/02/2008
| موضوع: Indirect Speech/Lesson درس رائع في الكلام غير المباشر الخميس مارس 20, 2008 11:35 pm | |
| INDIRECT SPEECH
Present or future tense
If the introductory verb is in a present or future tense, the tense of the ‘main’ verb does not change. Ex: Manel says, ‘I’ve broken a cup.’ Manel says that she has broken a cup.
Past simple
If the introductory verb is in the past simple, the ‘main’ verb changes as follows:
Direct speech > Indirect speech
present simple > past simple present continuous > past continuous present perfect simple > past perfect simple present perfect continuous > past perfect continuous past simple > past perfect simple past continuous > past perfect continuous
| Other tenses remain the same
past perfect simple and continuous, infinitive and gerund
1.Introductory verbs are followed by the conjunction that. (with say, tell, think and believe, that can be omitted) and tell only can be followed by an indirect object.
2.Personal pronouns are converted as required.
3.The imperative used in direct speech is converted to the infinitive (or negative infinitive) and the verb say must be converted to tell She said to me, ‘Get in the car!’ She told me to get in the car. They said to me, ‘Don’t go there by yourself!’ They told me not to go there by myself.
4.Other verbs are used in a similar way: + object + infinitive construction (to advise, to command, to order, to shout at/to somebody, to beg, to cry to somebody =to shout, to scream at somebody, to warn)
5.There is no change with improbable and impossible conditionals. He said that if she came, he would give her the book. (improbable) He said that if she had come, he would have given her the book. (impossible) With probable conditionals, the present changes into the past, the future into the conditional: He said, ‘If she comes, I will give her the book.’ He said that if she came, he would give her the book.
6. Certain adverbs of time change as follows
Direct speech > Indirect speech yesterday > the day before/ the previous day today > that day tomorrow > the next day/ the following day tonight > that night/ that evening last week/ month/ year > the week/month/ year, … before/ the ........................................previous week/month/year this week/month/ year, > that week/ month/ year, … next week/ month, year > the following week/ month/ year, … a week/month, year…ago > a/the week/month/year, … before/ ........................................the previous week/month/year, …
7.Some other adverbs and expressions change as follows:
here > there now > then (usually omitted) now (if stressed) > immediately this > that (in expressions of time) the (in other cases) > these those (in expressions of time) > the (in other cases) to come > to go
8. Conversion of questions to indirect speech
When converting questions to indirect speech, the interrogative form is not used. Questions with no interrogative pronoun, use whether or if after the introductory verb. Dir: ‘Does he like eggs?’ she asked me. Ind. She asked me whether/ if he liked eggs. Questions with an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb take the same interrogative and place it after the introductory verb. Dir. ‘Who drinks lots of tea?’ he asked Ind. He asked who drank lots of tea. Verbs introducing interrogative sentences are: to ask, to enquire, want to know, to wonder.
9. Certain auxiliary verbs change, but others do not
Direct speech > Indirect speech can do > could do may do > might do must do > had to do has/have to do > had to do had to do > had had to do could do > could do might do > might do could have done > could have done might have done > might have done must have done > must have done had better do > had better do would rather do > would rather do should (=ought to) > should ought to > ought to
10.If there are two statements or a statement and a question mixed together, a separate introductory verb is required for each sentence in the indirect speech. Dir. ‘Do you like peanut butter sandwiches?’ she asked me. ‘I’m sorry, but I can’t stand them.’ Ind. She asked me whether I liked peanut butter sandwiches, and I replied that I was sorry, but that I couldn’t stand them.
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